Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on India.

The Game by LAURIE R. KING

The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy

Island Life : Inspirational Interiors by David Flint Wood

Gandhi An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Lonely Planet India (India, 10th Ed) by Sarina Singh

A Passage to India by E. M. Forster

The Essential Gandhi : An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas by Mahatma Gandhi

The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II by Donovan Webster

Tigers At Twilight (Magic Tree House 19, paper) by Mary Pope Osborne

Eyewitness Travel Guides: India (Eyewitness Travel Guides) by Abha Narain Lamba

One Grain of Rice: A Mathematical Folktale by Demi

The Story of Little Black Sambo by Helen Bannerman

New Indian Home Cooking: More Than 100 Delicious, Nutritional, and Easy Low-Fat Recipes! by Madhu Lite and Luscious Cuisine of India Gadia

Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia by Peter Hopkirk

India

The Republic of India, located in South Asia and comprising most of the Indian subcontinent is the second most populous country in the world and is the world's largest democracy, with over one billion people speaking more than one hundred distinct languages. The Indian economy is the fourth-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity. India borders Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan, with Sri Lanka and the Maldives just across the Indian mainland in the Indian Ocean. Republic of India Hindi भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya (In Detail) (In Detail) National motto: Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit: Truth Alone Triumphs)(Mundaka Upanishad) Official language Hindi, English (+ other official languages) Capital New Delhi Largest City Mumbai President APJ Abdul Kalam Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee Area - Total - % water Ranked 7th 3,287,590 km² 9.5% Population - Total - Density Ranked 2nd 1,049,700,118 319.3/km² GDP - Total - GDP/head Ranked 4th (among countries) Ranked 5th (among economies) 2.66 trillion $ 2,540 $ Independence August 15, 1947 Republic January 26, 1950 Currency Currency Code (ISO 4217) Indian Rupee (Rs.) INR Time zone UTC +5.30 National anthem Jana-Gana-Mana National song Vande Mataram Internet TLD .IN Calling Code 91 National Game Hockey National animal Bengal Tiger National bird Peacock National flower Lotus Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origin of Name 2 History 3 Politics 4 States and Territories 5 Geography and Climate 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Religions in India 9 Indian Society 10 Culture 10.1 Music in India 10.2 Indian Literature 10.3 Dance 10.4 Festivals 10.5 Science and Math 10.6 Dress and Cuisine 10.7 Film 10.8 Regional Cultures and Influences 10.9 Sports 11 Trivia 12 Miscellaneous Topics 13 Related Topics 14 External links 14.1 Official 14.2 Other 14.3 News Sources Origin of Name The name India is derived from Sindhu, the local name for the river Indus. Interestingly the Vedas did not assign any particular name for India, although some scholars assert that references to Indu in the Rig Veda relate to India's present name. Various political parties have their preferred names for India some of which are Hindustan and Bharat. The name "Bharat" is said to derive from any of two ancient Hindu kings named Bharata. "Bha" in sanskrit means knowledge or light, and "rat" is a verb for 'doing'. Bharat is the one who is in search of knowledge. India is also known as Hindustan (the land of the Hindus), though its use as an indicator of the nation is debated. History Main article: History of India The rock art tradition of India has been traced to about 40,000 years ago in the paleolithic at Bhimbetaka in Central India and other sites. The first permanent settlements in South Asia appeared about 9,000 years ago. This indigenous culture developed into the Indus Valley civilization (also referred to by some as the Sindhu-Sarasvati Tradition), which was at its height from around 2600 BC to 1900 BC and was one of the earliest civilizations. There are two prevailing theories about the early history of India. One is the commonly accepted Aryan Migration/Invasion Theory, first propounded by the German historian Max Müller in the 19th century . It avers that around 1500 BC, the influx of Aryan tribes from the northwest of India and to some extent their merger with the earlier inhabitants resulted in the classical Vedic culture. The other, more recent theory, is that there was no ingress at all. Essentially, Vedic/Aryan culture was not racially distinct but native to the Indian subcontinent. It is known commonly as the continuity theory. see Aryan Invasion Theory. Persian incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkic in the 12th century. These Turkish invaders formed a series of Dynasties (Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Syed, Lodhi) in Northern India based in Delhi. In 1526 the Mughals invaded India and slowly captured most of the country. They were followed by incursions by European traders beginning in the late 15th century. By subjugating the Mughal empire in the 19th century, the British Empire had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. India became a formal crown colony of the United Kingdom in 1876, and the successive British monarchs assumed the title of "Emperor of India." The British held much pride over India, describing it as the "crown jewel" in the Empire. However their subjugation of the nation brought with it the effects of a planned and documented "divide-and-conquer" policy. The British, through economic policies that taxed Indians for buying native goods, imported more expensive British goods to India. Through a system that both implicitly and explicitly sought to enrich England through her colonial servants, India was gradually being drained, from natural resources to unscrupulously elected manpower. Much of India's freedom-fighters' campaigning focused on the racial discrimination and subversive economic policy that was imposed on the people of India by the British. Mostly nonviolent resistance to British colonialism under Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, in addition to plenty of opposition voiced by other well-known leaders, among whom were such stalwarts like Sardar Patel, Maulana Azad, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Subhas Chandra Bose, led to the granting of independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. Pakistan occupied two noncontiguous areas, and a civil war between West and East Pakistan in 1971, in which India eventually intervened, resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to form the separate nation of Bangladesh. Fundamental concerns in India include the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, overpopulation, environmental degradation, poverty, and ethnic and religious strife, all this despite impressive gains in economic investment and output. Politics Main article: Politics of India India is a sovereign democratic republic. It is a Union of states with an increasingly federal structure. Officially it is declared as The Republic of India. India has as head of state a president, whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president are elected indirectly for 5-year terms by a special electoral college. Their terms are staggered, and the vice president does not automatically become president following the death or removal from office of the president. Executive power is centred in the Council of Ministers (cabinet), led by the prime minister. The president appoints the prime minister, who is designated by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority. The president then appoints subordinate ministers on the advice of the prime minister. India's bicameral parliament consists of the upper house called 'The Council of States' (Rajya Sabha) and the lower House called 'The House of the People' (Lok Sabha), both of which were established by the Constitution of India. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The legislatures of the states and union territories elect 233 members to the Rajya Sabha, and the president appoints another 12. The elected members of the Rajya Sabha serve 6-year terms, with one-third up for election every 2 years. The Lok Sabha consists of 545 members; 543 are directly elected to 5-year terms. The other two are appointed by the president. States and Territories Main articles: States and Territories of India, Population by State India is subdivided into 28 states, 6 Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi: Indian States and Territories Andhra Pradesh | Arunachal Pradesh | Assam | Bihar | Chhattisgarh | Goa | Gujarat | Haryana | Himachal Pradesh | Jammu and Kashmir | Jharkhand | Karnataka | Kerala | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Orissa | Punjab | Rajasthan | Sikkim | Tamil Nadu | Tripura | Uttaranchal | Uttar Pradesh | West Bengal Union Territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Chandigarh | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Daman and Diu | Lakshadweep | Pondicherry National Capital Territory: Delhi The second-level subdivision is the district. See List of Indian districts. India has made no territorial claim in Antarctica but had a permanent scientific base there - Dakshin Gangotri. Geography and Climate Main article Geography of India The above map is not the official Indian map [1]; it is CIA's version which shows parts of Kashmir claimed by India, but controlled by Pakistan, as part of Pakistan (see also: Kashmir Map Issues). Located on the Indian subcontinent, India consists roughly of three major parts; in the north the massive Himalayas mountain range (with the highest point being the Kanchenjunga at 8,598 m) and the Indo-Gangetic plain (with deserts in the western end), and in the south the extensive Deccan plateau. The latter is part of a large peninsula in between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west, with both being part of the greater Indian Ocean. The plateau is bordered on the eastern and western sides by hilly areas called the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats respectively before it meets the sea. India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganga (anglicized to Ganges), the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari and the Krishna. A small part of the upper course of the name-giving Indus lies within Kashmir territory controlled by India. The Indian climate varies from a tropical climate in the south to a more temperate climate in the north. India gets its rains through the monsoons, the South-West monsoon brings in around 80% and the North-East monsoon the remaining. Economy Main article Economy of India India was traditionally a rural economy which subsequently participated in the industrial revolution through colonial rule. After Independence, India tended towards a more socialist policy and large scale infrastructure and industry development was done through public sectors. However, from the early 1990s onwards, the Indian economy has opened up through liberalisation and is on the road to privatisation through disinvestment policies. A certain amount of dissatisfaction is expressed in the face of these changes in the Indian economy- some of which are that a quarter of the population is still too poor to be able to afford an adequate diet, electricity shortages still continue in many regions and the manufacturing sector has slowed down at the expense of soft skills. India's economy today encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services, including software. In fact, India's software exports alone are around $10 billion(2003). India's international payments position remained strong in 2001 with adequate foreign exchange reserves, and moderately depreciating nominal exchange rates. In 2003, India joined a select club of nations having foreign exchange reserves exceeding $100 billion. As measured by GDP in US Dollars, India's 2002 output of $597 billion ranked it 12th in the world. As measured by GDP on Purchasing Power Parity basis, India's 2002 figure of $2.66 trillion makes it the fourth largest in the world. India has large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language; India is a major exporter of software services and software workers. See also List of software companies, List of Indian companies Demographics Main article: Demographics of India India is the second-most populous country in the world, with only China having a larger population. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse Indian population today. Its biggest urban agglomerations are, in decreasing order of population, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Chennai (formerly Madras), Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune (formerly Poona). A List of Indian languages by total speakers is available. Hindi, in the Devanagari script, is the national language; 17 other official languages are recognised in Schedule 8 of the Constitution, namely, the Dravidian languages of Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu and the Indo-Aryan languages of Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Konkani, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Urdu. Barring Sanskrit, the above languages are also official state languages of individual states. The number of estimated living languages in India has been estimated to be as high as 400. English, classified as a "Associate Official Language", is still widely in use in law and government, particularly in the higher echelons. It enjoys a quasi-official status in the national government, and according to the Constitution, this status is to be periodically reviewed. However, its popularity in business and government affairs and its favourability as a link-language by certain non-Hindi speaking states have led to its continued patronage. See also Indian family name Religions in India Main article: Religion in India Although 83% of the people are Hindus, India is home to a large population of Muslims (11%) giving it the world's third largest Muslim population after Indonesia (approx. 200 million) and Pakistan (approx. 140 million). Other smaller religious minorities include Christians (3%), Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Jews, Parsis, Ahmadi and Bahá'í. Indian Society Indian society is pluralistic due to the chequered history of the sub-continent, drawing from different religions, societal and cultural practises. However, Hindu ways of life influence society considerably. Today, Hindu societal practises such as sati (from the Middle Ages) have successfully been eliminated. However, inspite of concerted efforts, the caste system still influences social life in India with people even retaining their caste affiliations after conversion to other religions. Caste remains the strongest platform for politics, apart from linguistic and regional ones. Some beliefs like astrology cut across all religious barriers. Indian society can also be classified as rural and urban, with the former rapidly becoming part of the latter. In India, urbansiation and modernisation usually mean Westernisation. In recent times, this has accelerated considerably with the opening up of the market, leading to a more whole sale conversion to Western values. However there is a growing realisation that in certain areas, the sustainable practices of traditional Indian society are desirable and their loss might leave a vacuum that may not be adequately filled by the scant resources of a developing country, to name a few - attitudes towards environment, medicine and family. Culture Main article: Culture of India Indian culture is an expression of the numerous and successive waves of influences in the sub-continent with the Northern part of India being subjected to this more than the South. Music in India In Indian music, two main forms are the Carnatic and the Hindustani, the former from South India, a much purer form and the latter from North India deriving much from Mughal (Islamic line of rulers) influences. (See Indian classical music). Both systems are founded on Vedic principles of sound and fundamental understandings of raga and tala. (See Indian musicians and their music). India has a rich tradition of folk music too, ranging from Rajasthani to Kashmiri in the North-East to Baul mystics of Bengal to a wide variety of South Indian forms. Indian folk music is generally woven around rural ways of life during marriages or harvest or worship of local village Hindu deities. One form of music that is extremely popular is the filmi music, songs from Indian films. From Tea stalls and small restaurants to Auto Rickshaws and taxicabs, even in less traditional orchestras during some weddings, one can hear a variety of 'filmi' music, usually of the Bollywood variety in Hindi. One, especially in the South, can often hear popular music of Tamil and Telugu industries as well. Indian Literature In Indian literature, oral and written forms prevail. Hindu literary traditions dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the Vedas which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharatha, treatises such as Vaastu Shastra in architecture and town planning and Artha Shastra in political science. Devotional Hindu drama, poetry and songs span the subcontinent. Among the best known are the works of Kalidas (writer of the famed Sanskrit play Shakuntala) and Tulsidas (who wrote an epic Hindi poem based on the Ramayana). Tamil Sangam poetry is well renowned. Among other traditions Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis. Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and devotion to Allah. Urdu soon became the court language of the Mughals and in its higher forms was once called the 'Kohinoor' of Indian languages. See also Indian Writing in English Dance Many dance forms exist in India - Bharata Natyam, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, etc., mostly they have a narrative form, telling stories. Other forms such as street theatre and puppetry are also found. (See Indian classical dance and Indian folk music and dance) Festivals There are many festivals in India, most of which are Hindu. Some examples of Hindu festivals are Holi, Diwali/Deepavali, Vijayadasami, Sankranthi, Pongal, etc. Most of the others are based on religion and seasonal celebrations, others still commemorating individual milestones. Science and Math Indian science was advanced in ancient times - Aryabhatta and Bhaskara were important Hindu scientists who studied planetary motion. The Arabic numerals were at largely an Indian invention - the Arabic name for number, hindsah, means "from India". Perhaps the most famous Indian mathematician was Srinivasa Ramanujan. Scientists from India include the physicists C. V. Raman and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, both winners of the Nobel Prize, as well as Satyendranath Bose. Dress and Cuisine Traditional dresses in India include the Sari (Saree), Salwar Kameez, Dhoti and Kurta. In Indian cuisine, rice and wheat form the staple diet. Some popular dishes include Thali (a full fledged meal), Dosa, Idli and Chapati. Film Movies are an integral part of everyday life in India, most notably the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu for their commercial bases, and Bengali and Malayalam for their artistic leanings. ( See Cinema of India). Satyajit Ray, a director from the Bengali cinema tradition, has been seen by movie critics around the world as one of cinema's four greatest filmmakers ever, and is the only Indian to have won an Academy Award (Lifetime Achievement). Regional Cultures and Influences Specific regions, most often delineated by state, often have very widely ranging cultures and languages. Indians are very aware of intra-Indian identities, such as being Tamils, Bengalis, Punjabis, etc. However, there is more of a tendency to borrow and imbibe aspects of different regions and major urban centers are often confluences of Indians of widely differing backgrounds. Also, with increasing globalisation, and due to the liberalisation of the Indian economy in the early 1990s, there has been influence of Western culture. So there is Indi-pop in music , Hinglish, Benglish, or Tanglish- English flavoured with terms from local language used most prominently in fields such as advertising, pizzas with indigenous spices, experimental dance and theatre forms, and so on. The invasion of cable TV has spawned an entirely new popular culture. Apart from these historical and context specific forms, what an Indian sees as important in Indian culture are abstract qualities such as hospitality, family values, acceptance and toleration of differences, resilience and co-existence. Sports India's official national sport is Field Hockey, although most would assert that it is in fact Cricket that has become the unofficial national game. In fact, so popular is cricket that it has made India the game's financial powerhouse, even to the point that, as some observers claim, it has become India's fastest growing industry. Some other popular sports are squash, badminton, and tennis. Chess, by most historical accounts of Indian origin, has seen India produce quite a few grandmasters. Some traditional indigenous games are Kabaddi, Gilli-danda, Polo and, indeed, Badminton, which was invented in a British club in Pune in the 16th century. See also: Sports in India, Indian architecture, List of holidays in India Trivia

Traffic is on the left side (and cars have Right Hand Drive).
English used in India is modelled on British English.
Date format: dd/mm/yyyy
Number format: 107= 1 crore. 105= 1 lakh. 1,00,00,000 = 1 crore. Is recursive eg. 10,00,000 crores = 10 lakh crores.
Postal Code (PIN): 6 digits.
Official Measurements: Metric
Voltage 220V; 50 Hz
Financial Year starts on April 1.

Miscellaneous Topics main article miscellaneous india topics Related Topics Main article: List of India-related topics Topics in India History of India Timeline of Indian history Indus Valley Civilization, Aryan invasion theory, Greek Conquests in India Ashokan Era, Gupta dynasty, Mauryan dynasty, Islamic incursions in India, Mughal Era, British Raj, British East India Company, Governor-General of India, Viceroy of India, War of Independence, 1857, Indian independence movement, Quit India Movement, Partition of India, Non-Aligned Movement, Sino-Indian War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Kargil War, Foreign relations, Military, Demographic and Postal history Politics Law, Constitution, Political parties (BJP & INC), Elections, Political divisions Government Government agencies, Legislative branch (Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha) Executive branch (President & Vice-President, Cabinet, Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers, Attorney-General, Election Commission of India, Foreign Minister; Law enforcement: CBI, CID, Intelligence: IB, RAW), Judicial branch (Supreme Court), Military (Army, Navy, Air Force, BSF, Coast Guard) Geography Himalayan Mtns., Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Indo Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Thar Desert, Ganges River, Rann of Kutch, Brahmaputra River, North-East India; Mountains, Valleys, Islands, Rivers; States, Cities, List of Indian Districts, Regions Economy Rupee, Bombay Stock Exchange, Standard of living, Companies, Reserve Bank of India Demographics Indian Census Bureau, Languages, Standard of living, Religion Arts & Culture Music (Carnatic, Hindustani, Indi-pop), Film & TV (Bollywood), Literature, Cuisine, Holidays, Folklore, Dance, Architecture; Education, Languages, Media Other Communications, Transportation (Highways, Railways, Auto rickshaw), Flag, Tourism External links Official

GOI Directory - Directory of governmental websites
Prime Minister's Office - Official prime ministerial site
President of India - Official presidential site
Indian Parliament - Official parliamentary site.
Ministry of Defence - Official MOD site
Indiaimage - National Informatics Center - Basic Portal to Govt. of India Websites
Indian Postal Service - Website of India Post
Supreme Court of India - Official site of The Supreme Court of India
Ministry of External Affairs - Discover India. Definitive site for information and links.
Central Board of Excise and Customs, India - A direct, no-nonsense site.
Election Commission of India - India's political watchdog.
Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) - Indian Export Organisation
Department of Electronics - Indian Dept. of Electronics
Department of Education, Govt. of India

Other

Census of India
CIA - The World Factbook -- India - CIA's Factbook on India
Country Profile: India - BBC's's Country Profile on India
Indian States - Table of Indian states and codes with useful stffs. From Statoids
STD Codes - Citywise STD codes
Images of India
Tourism of India - Governmental tourism site
Travel information at countryguide.com
Historical Maps of India
Indian Literature
Indian Literature
Family History in India - Genealogical research page with church, cemetery and military records for Chennai and Mumbai

News Sources

See News sources India

India is also the letter I in the NATO phonetic alphabet

The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

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