Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Catalysis.
Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding by Alan Fersht
Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by William P. Jencks
Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis by John Meurig Thomas
Beyond Metallocenes: Next-Generation Polymerization Catalysts (Acs Symposium Series, 857) by Abhimanyu O. Patil
Late Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysis by Bernhard Rieger
The catalytic chemistry of nitrogen oxides : [proceedings of the Symposium on the Catalytic Chemistry of Nitrogen Oxides held at the General Motors Research Laboratories, War by Plenum Press
Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis: Fundamentals and Practice (Fundamental and Applied Catalysis) by J.R. Jennings
Material Concepts in Surface Reactivity and Catalysis by Henry Wise
Objects, Components, and Frameworks with UML : The Catalysis(SM) Approach by Desmond Francis D'Souza
Homogeneous Catalysis: Understanding the Art by Piet W. N. M. Van Leeuwen
Nanotechnology in Catalysis (Nanostructure Science and Technology) by Bing Zhou
How Chemical Bonds Form and Chemical Reactions Proceed by Victor Gankin
Handbook of Commercial Catalysts: Heterogeneous Catalysts by Howard F. Rase
Catalysis from A to Z : A Concise Encyclopedia by Boy Cornils
Surface Science : Foundations of Catalysis and Nanoscience by Kurt W. Kolasinski
Catalysis
In chemistry and biology, catalysis refers to the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged by the overall reaction.
A common misunderstanding is that catalysis "makes the reaction happen": that the reaction would not otherwise proceed without the presence of the catalyst.
In biologically- or industrially-useful timescales, this may be true in a limited sense. However, a catalyst cannot make a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction proceed. Rather, it can only speed up a reaction that is already thermodynamically favorable. Such a reaction in the absence of a catalyst would proceed, even without the catalyst, although perhaps too slowly to be observed or of use in a given context.
Catalysts accelerate the chemical reaction by providing a lower energy pathway between the reactants and the products. This usually involves the formation of an intermediate, which cannot be formed without the catalyst. The formation of this intermediate and subsequent reaction generally has a much lower activation energy barrier than is required for the direct reaction of reactants to products.
Catalysis is a very important process from an industrial point of view since the production of most industrially important chemicals involve catalysis. Research into catalysis is a major field in applied science, and involves many fields of chemistry and physics.
Two types of catalysis are generally distinguished. In homogeneous catalysis the reactants and catalyst are in the same phase. For example acids (H+ ion donors) are common catalysts in many aqueous reactions. In this case both the reactants and the catalysts are in the aqueous phase. In heterogeneous catalysis the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants and products. Usually, the catalyst is a solid and the reactants and products are gases or liquids. In order for the reaction to occur one or more of the reactants must diffuse to the catalyst surface and adsorb onto it. After reaction, the products must desorb from the surface and diffuse away from the solid surface. Frequently, this transport of reactants and products from one phase to another plays a dominant role in limiting the rate of reaction. Understanding these transport phenomena is an important area of heterogeneous catalyst research.
Important catalytic processes
See also
Carbonate
Phosphodiesterase,
Metabolic pathway,
Protein phosphatase,
Denaturation
Protein kinase,
Surface chemistry,
Abzyme,
Dispersion (materials science),
Urea cycle,
Urease,
Adenylate cyclase,
ATPase,
EC number,
Diastase,
Alcohol dehydrogenase,
Reverse transcriptase,
Ozone hole,
Catalyst,
RNA world hypothesis,
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,
Intron,
Albert Szent-Györgyi,
RNAse,
Nobel Prize in Chemistry,
Ribozyme,
Enzyme,
Michaelis-Menten kinetics,
Mitochondrion
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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