Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Cell_wall.
Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens, Third Edition by Lida H. Mattman
The Bacterial Cell Wall by Guntram Seltmann
Church Without Walls: A Global Examination of the Cell Church by Michael Green
Estrogen and the Vessel Wall (Endothelial Cell Research Series) by Gabor M. Rubanyi
Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry by K. V. Krishnamurthy
Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Biogenesis and Biodegradation (Acs Symposium Series, No 399) by Norman G.Paice Lewis
Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens by Lida H. Mattman
The Plant Cell Wall by Jocelyn K.C. Rose
Two-Component Signal Transduction by James A. Hoch
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Plant Residues for Industrial and Feed Use: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Aberdeen, Scotland (Uk from 21 T) by A. Chesson
Experimental Phycology, Volume 1 - Cell Walls and Surfaces, Reproduction, Photosynthesis by W. Wiessner
Organization of Prokaryotic Cell Membrane by Bijiank Ghosh
Organization of Prokaryotic Cell Membranes by Ghosh
The Growing Plant Cell Wall by Stephen C. Fry
The Target of Penicillin: The Murein Sacculus of Bacterial Cell Walls: Architecture and Growth: Proceedings by R. Hakenbeck
Cell wall
A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in most bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Plant cell walls
1.1 Composition
2 Bacterial cell walls
3 Fungal cell walls
Plant cell walls
Plant cell walls have two main functions: to provide rigidity for the cell, and to prevent expansion when water enters the cell.
The cell wall is generally permeable to anything entering the cell in solution unless impregnated with lignin in wood or suberin in cork tissue to produce wood.
The primary cell wall, built by the plant first, is composed of cellulose microfibrils aligned at all angles. Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength. After the maximum size necessary has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed below. Unlike the primary wall, the microfibrils are aligned mostly in the same direction, and with each additional layer the orientation changes slightly.
Cell walls of neighbouring cells are held together by a shared gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella, which contains magnesium and calcium pectates (salts of pectic acid).
Composition
Made of insoluble cellulose fibres meshed in to a matrix of carbohydrates called pectates and hemicelluloses, they give the plant strength and support.
Bacterial cell walls
Cell walls of bacteria are primarily used for protection against hostile envorinments or, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, against the immune system of the host. They contain peptidoglycan, which can be made visible in Gram-positive bacteria by Gram staining. The cell walls of bacteria are also vital for containing the high osmotic pressure inside bacterial cells caused by the high concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm, which can often be as high as 15 atmospheres. Many antibiotics, including penicillin and its derivatives, target the cell wall of bacteria.
Fungal cell walls
The cell walls of fungal cells are composed of chitin, the same carbohydrate that gives strength to the exoskeletons of insects. They serve a similar purpose to those of plant cells, giving fungal cells rigidity and strength to hold their shapes.
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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