Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Eukaryote.
Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes: Concepts, Strategies, and Techniques by Michael Carey
Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny: An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics by Robert P. Hirt
Biopolymers, Polysaccharides II : Polysaccharides from Eukaryotes by E. J. Vandamme
Translation In Eukaryotes by Hans Trachsel
Cell Cycle Control in Eukaryotes (Current Communications in Molecular Biology) by David Hugh Beach
Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes: Concepts, Strategies and Techniques by Michael Carey
Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes: Book 3: Lower Eukaryotes by Stephen J. O'Brien
DNA Damage and Repair: DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes (Contemporary Cancer Research) by Jac A. Nickoloff
Genome Analysis in Eukaryotes: Developmental and Evolutionary Aspects by R. M. Chatterjee
Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes by Yigdal Koltin
Pathogenesis & Host Specificity in Plant Diseases : Eukaryotes by R. P. Singh
Biomembranes, Part J: Membrane Biogenesis: Assemby and Targeting (General Methods: Eukaryotes) : Volume 96: Biomembranes Part J by Nathan Kaplan
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes by E. Breitmeier
Eukaryotes at the subcellular level: Development and differentiation by M. Dekker
Regulation of growth and differentiated function in eukaryote cells by Raven Press
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes
Scientific classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Typical kingdoms
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
"Protista"
Red algae
Heterokonts
Alveolates
Excavates
Foraminifera
Amoebozoa
inter alia
Eukaryotes are organisms consisting of one or more eukaryotic cells (as opposed to prokaryotic cells); such cells contain membrane-bound nuclei, as well as organelles.
Animals, plants, fungi, and various other groups collectively referred to as Protista are all eukaryotes, varying from single-celled organisms to truly multicellular forms, in which different cells are specialized for different tasks and in general do not survive when isolated. They share a common origin, and are usually treated as a taxon above the rank of kingdom (either a domain or an empire). Prokaryotic organisms are divided among the domains Bacteria and Archaea, or less often grouped as a single empire, depending on the author's view of eukaryotic origins.
Cell structure
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotes, with a difference in volume of the order of a thousand times. The cell includes a variety of different structures, collectively referred to as organelles. The nucleus is characteristically surrounded by a double membrane, with pores allowing materials to pass in and out. It contains the genetic material, which is separated into bundles of DNA called chromosomes. The remainder of the cell, called the cytosol, is supported by a cytoskeleton.
Tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. This includes regions that are smooth and others that are rough, where some of the ribosomes are attached, rather than all being distributed throughout the cell as in prokaryotes. Proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes enter the ER, and are thereby distributed throughout the cell, generally budding out into vesicles. In most eukaryotes, there is also a Golgi apparatus composed of stacked vesicles where proteins are modified. There may also be various vacuoles and other structures. Collectively these make up the endomembrane system.
Various other structures occur. Aside from a few protists, all eukaryotes have mitochondria, which are involved in catabolism and in particular in using oxygen. Plants and the various lines of algae also have chloroplasts, which conduct photosynthesis. Both of these are believed to represent derived prokaryotic endosymbionts, in the case of chloroplasts probably incorporated at several different times in different groups (see perhaps endosymbiotic hypothesis). Many eukaryotes have flagella or cilia, projections of the cell surface supported by microtubules that are typically motile or sensory. These arise from basal bodies or kinetosomes, which have a characteristic structure, also found in centrioles which in some groups assist in nuclear division. A few other microtubule supported structures are found, such as the axopodia of some amoeboids.
Reproduction
Nuclear division is often coordinated with cell division. This generally takes place by mitosis, a process which allows each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome. In most eukaryotes there is also a process of sexual reproduction, typically involving an alternation between haploid generations, where only one copy of each chromosome is present, and diploid generations, where two are present, occurring through nuclear fusion (syngamy) and meiosis. There is considerable variation in this pattern, however.
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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