Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Histone.
Histone Genes: Structure, Organization and Regulation by Gary S. Stein
Histones and nucleohistones by D. M. P. Phillips
Regulation of Chromatin Structure and Function (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by Alan Wolffe
Histones and Other Basic Nuclear Proteins by Lubomir S. Hnilica
Histone
In biology, histones are the chief proteins of chromatin. They act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a role in gene regulation.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Location
2 Classes
3 Functions
3.1 DNA compaction
3.2 Gene regulation
4 Structure
5 Details
6 History
7 Etymology
8 See also
Location
Histones are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Bacteria do not have histones. However, the DNA of the genus Thermoplasma (in the domain Archaea) is surrounded by a highly basic DNA-binding protein which strongly resembles the eukaryotic histones.
Classes
Five histone classes are known:
Two each of class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble to form one nucleosome, together with DNA. H1 is needed for histone-DNA-complexes to form a 30-nm fiber, which packs the DNA even more tightly.
Functions
They act as spools around which DNA winds and they play a role in gene regulation.
DNA compaction
Histones act as spools for DNA. This enables the compaction necessary to fit the large genomes of eukaryotes inside cell nuclei.
Gene regulation
Histones act in gene regulation. Histones can undergo posttranslational modifications. These modifications can play a role in gene regulation in an epigenetic manner.
Regulation occurs at the TATA box.
Structure
Proteins rich in lysine and arginine.
Histones are subject to posttranslational modification by enzymes primarily on their N-terminal tails, but also in their globular domains. Such modifications include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ADP-ribosylation. This effects their function of gene regulation (see Functions).
Details
In general, genes that are active have less bound histone, while inactive genes are highly associated with histones during interphase.
Histones are water-soluble.
Histones have been evolutionarily conserved.
History
Discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel.
Until the early 1990's, histones were dismissed as merely packing material for nuclear DNA. During the early 1990's, the regulatory functions of histones were discovered.
Etymology
Late 19th century. From German Histon , of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek histanai or from histos
See also
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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