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4000 series
The 4000 series is the general classification used to refer to the industry standard integrated circuits which implement a variety of logic functions using CMOS technology. They were created in the 1970s as a lower power and more versatile alternative to the 7400 series of TTL logic chips. Almost all manufacturers have fabricated this series in part or whole over the years.
Initially, the 4000 series was slower than the popular 7400 TTL chips, but had the advantage of much lower power consumption, the ability to operate over a much wider range of supply voltages, simpler circuit design due to the vastly increased fanout. However their slower speed (initially only capable of about 1MHz operation, compared with TTL's 10MHz) meant that their applications were limited to static or slow speed designs. Later, new fabrication technology largely overcame the speed problems, while retaining backward compatibility with most circuit designs - a circuit could be made much faster by simply dropping in the newer chips. Eventually, the advantages of the 4000 series edged out the older TTL chips, but at the same time ever increasing LSI techniques edged out the modular chip approach to design. The 4000 series is still widely available, but perhaps less important than it was two decades ago.
The 4000 series permits the use of "cookbook" design, where standard circuit elements can be created and shared, and connected to other circuits with few, if any, connection difficulties. This greatly speeds up the design of new hardware by reusing standard approaches to circuit design. In contrast, TTL circuits, while similarly modular, often reqired much more careful interfacing, since the limited fanout (and fan-in) meant that loading of each output had to be carefully considered. It is also much easier to prototype LSI designs using the 4000 series and get repeatable and transferrable results when moving to the more integrated design.
The series was extended in the late 1970s and 1980s to include new types which implemented new or more greatly integrated functions, or were better versions of existing chips in the 4000 series. Most of these newer chips were given 45xx and 45xxx designations, but are usually still regarded by engineers as part of the 4000 series.
Examples of common 4000 series chips
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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