Repeater

In telecommunication, the term repeater has the following meanings:

An analog device that amplifies an input signal regardless of its nature (analog or digital).

A digital device that amplifies, reshapes, retimes, or performs a combination of any of these functions on a digital input signal for retransmission.

(Source: from Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188) A repeater is an electronic device that receives a weaker signal and retransmits it at a higher level, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. The term "repeater" originated with telegraphy and referred to an electromechanical device used to regenerate telegraph signals. Use of the term has continued in telephony and data communications. Telecom cables Repeaters are often used in trans-continental and trans-oceanic cables, because the attenuation (signal loss) over such distances would be completely unacceptable without them. Repeaters are not only used in copper-wire cables carrying electrical signals, but in fibre optics carrying light as well. Duplex radio Broadcasting A broadcast repeater is usually called a translator. Just as a verbal translator (person) listens in one language and speaks in another, a broadcast translator takes a signal from one channel and transmits it again, usually on another channel or other frequency assignment. This is common in North America, especially in the United States and in the mountains. Translators which broadcast within or very near the parent station's coverage area on the same channel or frequency are called booster stations. However, this can be tricky because it is possible to have both stations interfering with each other unless they are carefully designed. Interference can also be avoided by using exact atomic time obtained from GPS satellites to perfectly synchronise co-channel stations, as in a single-frequency network (SFN). Translator stations in the U.S. are given callsigns which begin with a W or K (respectively east or west of the Mississippi River, as with regular stations), followed by a channel number, and two serial letters for each channel. Television channels are always two-digit, from 02 to 69, while FM radio channels are from 201 (88.1MHz) to 300 (107.9MHz), one every 0.2MHz. (Example: W42BD, K263AF.) FM booster stations are given the full callsign of the parent station, plus a serial number, such as WXYZ-FM1, WXYZ-FM2, etc. In Canada and Mexico, all translator and booster stations are given the callsign of the parent station plus a serial number, such as XHABC and XHABC1, XHABC2, or CFON and CFON1, CFON2, etc. TV stations cannot have same-channel boosters due to video synchronization issues such as ghosting. AM stations do not have translators or boosters, though they are actually easier to create an SFN with.

The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

Updates and comments at Essential Facts blog
World Class Photographers
Some philosophical movements

Interesting Links

Latest Dowloadable Repeater PDF s & Ebooks

Top PDF and eBook Downloads
Bibliographic Resources

Dates
20-th Century
20-th Century Details
Chromosomes and Genomics
Sports
Kitchen Knowledge
Hollywood Icons
Classical Music
Music Directory.
Music: Jazz
Music: Rock
Music: Country
Music: Popular A-E
Music: Popular F-L
Music: Popular M-S
Music: Popular T-Z
Mythology
Philosophy
Politics
Retirement
Agriculture
Agriculture: Flowers
Agriculture: Gardening
Biology
Biology & Biologists
Cell Science
Cell Science: Cells
Cell Science: Stem Cells
California
Cats & Dogs
Ethics
Electronics
Logic
The Greats
Architectural Dates & Places
Styles ABC
Styles DTOI
Styles JTON
Styles OTOZ
Buddhism
Marketing
Psychology
Enginering Systems 1
Mathematics
Classic Authors
Fear No Exams
Characters & countries
Law & Legal Topics
Linguistics
Movies
Most successful Movies
Science Plus
Science & Computers
Quantum Theory

Note again ... some material here is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

�2004, All applicable rights reserved as appropriate.