Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Adverb.
Dearly, Nearly, Insincerely: What Is an Adverb? (Cleary, Brian P., Words Are Categorical.) by Brian P. Cleary
The Handbook of Japanese Adjectives and Adverbs by Taeko Kamiya
Up, Up and Away: A Book About Adverbs (World of Language) by Ruth Heller
Adjectives & Adverbs (Straight Forward English Series) by S. Harold Collins
Visual Spanish Adjectives & Adverbs (Language Express Cards) by Penton Overseas
Visual Japanese Adjectives and Adverbs: Visual Language Learning Cards (Language Express Cards) by Penton Overseas
Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an Explanation of Its Adverbs (1645) (Nahuatl Series, No. 7.) by Horacio S. J. Carochi
Up, Up and Away: A Book About Adverbs by Ruth Heller
Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax) by Guglielmo Cinque
Fun With Grammar: 75 Quick Activities & Games That Help Kids Learn About Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, and More: Grades 4-8 by Laura Sunley
Visual German Adjectives & Adverbs (Language Express Cards) by Penton Overseas
Visual French Adjectives & Adverbs (Language Express Cards) by Penton Overseas
Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs, Grades 3-6 by Family Education Network
Visual Italian Adjectives and Adverbs (Language Express Cards) by Barry DeMillion
Language for Writing Adjectives and Adverbs: Book 3/10 Prepack by Robert G. Forest
Adverb
An adverb is a part of speech that normally serves
to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, clauses, and sentences. Adverbs answer such questions as how?, when?, where?, in what way?, or how often?
In English, adverbs often have the suffix -ly, but so do many adjectives. The -ly is a common, but not reliable marker of an adverb.
Some others use the suffix -wise. It competed with a related form -ways and won out against it. In a few words, like sideways, -ways survives; words like crosswise show the transition .
Some other adverbs are identical in form to their adjectives. Otherwise, other adverbs are derived from adjectives.
The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs that are identical to their adjectives are generated by adding -er and -est. The comparative and superlative forms of most other adverbs (except in poetic forms like wiselier) use more or most. Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. The usual form pertaining to adjectives or adverbs is called the positive. Thus the three grades are positive "happy", comparative "happier", and superlative "happiest".
Non-English Adverbs
Other languages may form adverbs in different ways, if they are used at all:
- In German, adverbs do not have a distinct form from adjectives.
- Romance languages form adverbs by adding -mente (Spanish, etc) or -ment (French).
- In Esperanto, adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding -e directly to the word root. Thus, from bon are derived bone, "well", and bona, "good".
Examples
The following examples are in English, because that is the language of this text. Examples in other languages may be added, especially to show language independent properties of adverbs.
(1) In the following examples, the adverb, as a verb-modifier, is highlighted in bold. The verb that it modifies is shown in italics.
- It is tiring to run quickly.
- My sister laughs loudly.
- The sun shone brightly.
- The captain went boldly.
- The farmer worked hard. (NB: Not hardly)
- The minister spoke well. (NB: Not goodly)
(2) In the following examples, the adverb, as an adjective-modifier, is highlighted in bold. The adjective it modifies is shown in italics.
- His poetry is very beautiful.
- The meaning of this passage is abundantly clear.
- That sign is hardly visible.
(3) In the following examples, the adverb, as an adverb-modifier, is highlighted in bold. The adverb that it modifies is shown in italics.
- I know that he can write more clearly.
- The sun came out quite suddenly.
- This species is the slightly slower growing one.
(4) In the following examples the adverb modifies a whole sentence.
- Finally, she went home.
- Suddenly, the cat came in.
- Today, we can go on a day trip.
Adverbs can be put into 4 groups:
1. Adverbs of manner (adverbs that tell how)
Examples: happily, quickly, slowly, badly
2. Adverbs of time (adverbs that tell when)
Examples: then, now, soon
3. Adverbs of place (adverbs that tell where)
Examples: there, here, nowhere
4. Adverbs of degree (adverbs that tell to what extent)
Examples: very, barely, vaguely
The hopefully controversy is based on the theory that people should say I am hopeful that... instead of hopefully to start and modify a sentence. Yet, there are dozens of adverbs used in this way. Obviously this rule is illogical. So, *Hopefully, grammarians won't trash hopefully as a sentence adverb anymore.
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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