Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Creole_language.
Creole Made Easy by Wally R. Turnbull
Creole-English/English-Creole (Caribbean): Hippocrene Concise Dictionary (Hippocrene Concise Dictionary) by Stephanie Ovide
Haitian-Creole by Pimsleur
An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles by John Holm
Southern Tongue by Damon Bonds
Pidgin Grammar: An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawaii by Kent Sakoda
The Oxford Picture Dictionary: English/Haitian Creole: Angle/Kreyol Ayisyen by Norma Shapiro
Dread Talk: The Language of Rastafari by Velma Pollard
The Basic Oxford Picture Dictionary (English/ Haitian Edition) by Margot. Gramer
Comfa Religion and Creole Language in a Caribbean Community by Kean Gibson
Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 1, Theory and Structure by John A. Holm
A Learner's Dictionary of Haitian Creole by Albert Valdman
The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact by John H. McWhorter
Dictionary of Louisiana Creole by Albert Valdman
Roots of Language by Derek Bickerton
Creole language
A creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. Study of Creole languages around the world (in particular by Derek Bickerton) has shown that they display remarkable similarities in grammar, lending support to the theory of a Universal Grammar. The majority of creole languages are based on English and other Indo-European languages (their superstrate language), with local or immigrant languages as substrate languages.
Pidgins are rudimentary languages improvised by non-native speakers; when pidgins creolize, however, they develop fully-formed and stable grammar structures, usually as a result of the pidgin being natively learned by children. (see Nicaraguan Sign Language.)
In some cases the group of people who speak such a language
are called Creoles.
Below are described some of the better-known creoles.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Arabic creoles
1.1 Ki-Nubi
1.2 Juba Arabic
1.3 Babalia Creole Arabic
2 Cree creoles
2.1 Chinook Jargon
3 English Creoles
3.1 Bislama
3.2 Hawaiian Creole English
3.3 Kreyol
3.4 Kriol
3.5 Pitcairnese
3.6 Tok Pisin
4 French Creoles
4.1 Haitian Creole
4.2 Kreyol Lwiziyen
4.3 Malay Creole
5 Portuguese Creoles
5.1 Papiamentu
6 Spanish Creoles
Arabic creoles
Ki-Nubi
An Arabic-based creole spoken by descendants of Sudanese soldiers mainly in Kenya and Uganda, formed in the nineteenth century from a Sudanese Arabic-based pidgin used for intercommunication among southern Sudanese ethnic groups. See also Varieties of Arabic.
Juba Arabic
A major language of inter-ethnic communication in Equatoria (southern Sudan), creolized from the same pidgin Arabic as Ki-Nubi.
Babalia Creole Arabic
A Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was Berakou.
Cree creoles
Chinook Jargon
was used as a trade language by Native Americans prior to, and shortly after, contact with Europeans. It contains elements of Cree and many neighboring Native American languages. After European contact, it also began incorporating elements of French and English. While not strictly speaking a creole (it had no native speakers), it had well-defined grammar, phonology, and vocabulary, and thus can be placed in the category of creoles.
English Creoles
Bislama
Bislama (older Bêche-la-mar) is an English-based creole, and is the national language of Vanuatu.
Hawaiian Creole English
Hawaiian Pidgin began as a pidgin jargon used in the early European colonization of the Hawaiian Islands. English served as the superstrate language, with Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and Hawaiian elements incorporated. Children started using it as a lingua franca, and by the 20's it had creolized and become the dominant language of Hawaii, as it still is today.
Kreyol
is spoken in Liberia, and has English and French as superstrate languages, with several Bantu languages as substrate languages.
Kriol
Also known as Roper River Creole, has become the major non-English language among Aboriginal Australians with over 10,000 first language speakers.
Pitcairnese
Spoken exclusively by the inhabitants of the Pitcairn Islands and Pitcairnese migrants in Norfolk Island, an 18th century dialect of English is spoken with the Tahitian language to form the Creole language known as Pitcairnese.
Tok Pisin
is spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. English is the superstrate language, with various Papuan languages providing grammatical and lexical input.
French Creoles
Haitian Creole
is a language spoken primarily in Haiti. French is its superstrate language, with numerous African languages and some local indigenous languages providing substrate input.
Kreyol Lwiziyen
Louisiana creole, spoken mainly by African American Creoles in Louisiana.
Malay Creole
For further information, see on Malay Creole
Portuguese Creoles
For information on Portuguese-based Creole languages, see Portuguese Creole.
Papiamentu
Spoken in Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and the Dutch West Indies. Portuguese and Spanish are the superstrate.
Spanish Creoles
For information on Spanish-based Creole languages see Spanish Creole.
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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