Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Age_of_consent.
The Age of Consent: The Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture by Robert H. Knight
The Age of Consent : The Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture by Robert H. Knight
Age Of Consent by Peter Morris
The Age of Consent by Geoffrey Wolff
Age of Consent by Geoffrey Wolff
Without Consent: A Comprehensive Survey of Missing Time and Abduction Phenomena by Carl Nagaitis
Age of Consent by Joanne Greenberg
Age of Consent (Harlequin Romance, 2775) by Victoria Gordon
Age Of Consent, The by Geoffrey Wolff
Age of Consent by Ramona, Stewart
The age of consent: Victorian prostitution and its enemies by Michael Pearson
Natural law, conciliarism, and consent in the late Middle Ages : studies in ecclesiastical and intellectual history by Francis Oakley
Evidence on the law relating to and penalties of certain sexual offences involving children for the Home Office Criminal Law Revision Committee by P.I.E.
Die Herabsetzung der Volljährigkeit, Anspruch und Konsequenzen : e. Dokumentation by Heiner Schäfer
Age of Consent by Joanne Greenberg
Age of consent
In criminal law, the age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to sexual acts with another person. Thus somebody engaging in sex with someone below the age of consent commits a crime, called child sexual abuse. Under many jurisdictions, this is regardless of his or her own age, but in some locations, if the age difference is within a certain range, a less serious (or no) crime occurs.
The age of consent should not be confused with the age of majority or age of criminal responsibility, and some jurisdictions, the marriageable age differs from the age of consent.
The age of consent varies widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions in the world today have an age of consent between 14 to 18 years, but ages as young as 12 and as old as 21 also occur, with some countries in the Middle East holding female ages of consent in the single-digit range.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Social and legal attitudes
2 Age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual sex
3 Ages of consent in various countries
3.1 A-D
3.2 E-H
3.3 I-N
3.4 O-T
3.5 United Kingdom
3.6 United States of America
4 External links
Social and legal attitudes
Social and legal attitudes towards the appropriate age of consent have drifted upwards in modern times; while ages from ten through to thirteen were typically acceptable in the mid 19th century, fifteen through eighteen had become the norm in many countries by the end of the 20th century. Calls for the age of consent for heterosexual sex to be lowered are largely unheard of, outside of U.S. states with an age of 17 or 18.
Sexual relations with a person under the age of consent is in general a criminal offence, with punishments ranging from token fines to life imprisonment. In the United States this offence is frequently called statutory rape, though outside the United States other names are more commonly used (e.g. "carnal knowledge of a person under sixteen years").
Increasingly the age of consent laws of a state apply not only to acts committed on its own territory, but also acts committed by its nationals and/or inhabitants on foreign territory:
- The U.S. law passed during Clinton's second term applies to U.S. citizens who travel abroad for purposes of having sex either in contravention of local laws OR in commerce (i.e., prostitution); but contrary to some confusing reporting at the time the law was passed, do not prohibit non-commercial sex with, say, a 14 year-old if such sex is legal in the foreign territory.
- France allows the prosecution of its own citizens on rape charges for sex with minors under 15 abroad even if it was legal with respect to the local jurisdiction. The same applies to Germany if the minors is under 14.
- For inhabitants of the Netherlands it is a severe crime to have sex with a prostitute below 18, or any person below 16, anywhere in the world.
- if a foreigner has had sex with a prostitute below 18, or any person below 16, anywhere in the world, even if this was legal, if this was done at a time that it was already illegal in the Netherlands, he or she becomes a criminal when immigrating to the Netherlands.
(See also Universal jurisdiction; the effective age of consent may be the highest of those corresponding to the list in Universal_jurisdiction#Applicable jurisdictions.)
Such provisions have been frequently adopted to help reduce the incidence of child sex tourism.
The enforcement practices of age of consent laws tend to vary depending on the social sensiblities of the particular culture. Often enforcement is not exercised to the letter of the law, with legal action being taken only when a sufficiently socially-unacceptable age gap exists between the two individuals, or if the perpetrator is in a position of authority over the minor (e.g. a teacher, priest or doctor). The sex of each participant also influences perceptions of an individual's guilt and therefore enforcement. Not only is enforcement more likely in the case of a larger age gap, but in the U.S. at least, laws are becoming more explicit about prohibiting sex between youngsters and authority figures, even when sex would otherwise be legal.
That the relationship was consensual is not in general a defence to having sexual relations with a person under the age of consent; however, there are some defences: common examples include a limited mistake of age defence, and a defence of similarity of age. A mistake of age defence is that the accused mistakenly believed the victim was not under the age of consent; however, where such a defence is provided, it is normally limited to apply only when the victim is above a certain age. Such a defence becomes stronger if the accused can show due diligence in determining the age of the victim.
A defence of similarity of age is that the difference in age between the accused and the victim was less than a certain number of years.
Another defence is often marriage, for those jurisdictions where the marriageable age is less than the age of consent.
Age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual sex
Frequently, jurisdictions provide differing ages of consent for heterosexual and homosexual intercourse. Most often, the age of consent for heterosexual and female homosexual intercourse is lower than the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse. The gay rights movement has been attempting in many places to establish an equal age of consent regardless of the sex of the partners; this has resulted in many jurisdictions adopting a common age of consent, though conservatives have frequently and successfully opposed this (see Sodomy law).
Ages of consent in various countries
The following list of ages of consent in various countries is based on the list given on the web-site linked at the bottom of this page.
In this list, gay is meant to include only male-male sex, while homosexual includes both gay and lesbian. The ages of consent given here are generally for a partner of any age, so an age of 14 means that a 14 year old can legally have sex with a 60 year old. It is not uncommon for there to be exceptions giving lower ages of consent where young partners are close in age.
A-D
- Belgium: 16
- Brazil: 18, but 14 and older only prosecutable after complaint by minor
- Canada: 14; 18 for anal sex, sex with an authority figure, prostitution or appearing in pornography. A 14 year old may have sex with another who is as young as 12.
- China: 14
- Croatia: 14 or 18
E-H
- Finland: 16
- France: 15 (however sex with a minor under 18 in a dependency relationship may be criminalized)
- Germany:
- 18 years in dependency relationships (teacher/student etc.)
- 16 years if the older partner is over 18 and coerces the younger partner into sex other than by physical means, or if the older partner pays the younger partner to have sex (prostitution)
- 16 years if the older partner is over 21 and exploits "lack of sexual self-determination" of the younger partner (only prosecuted after complaints or "public interest", in practice rarely prosecuted with little or no punishment)
- 14 years for all other sexual relationships
- Greece: 17 for sodomy, otherwise 14
- Hong Kong: gay 21, lesbian unknown, heterosexual females 16, heterosexual males 18
- Hungary: homosexual 18, heterosexual 14
I-N
- Japan: 13 nationwide, 16 to 18 in most prefectures (however, age of marriage for a female with parental approval is 16)
- Malaysia:
- 18, but Muslims must also be married
- homosexual sex is illegal
- Mexico: 12, but 18 under some circumstances
O-T
- Singapore:
- sex with a girl aged under 14 is considered statutory rape
- sex with a girl aged under 16 is considered an offense of "carnal intercourse with an underage female" (less severe than rape but still a punishable offense)
- homosexual sex is illegal
United Kingdom
- United Kingdom: (see [1])
- 18 years for any sexual act if there is a relationships of trust (e.g. teacher/pupil) (unless they are a married couple, in which case the below applies:)
- Great Britain: heterosexual and male homosexual 16
- Northern Ireland: heterosexual and male homosexual 17
- Note: while there is not specific law for lesbians, sex with a girl under 16 years old could be prosecuted under child abuse legislation.
- Jersey: 16 (18 homosexual)
United States of America
- United States: varies from state to state, usually between 16 and 18; some states formerly forbade homosexual acts entirely, however such laws have been declared unconstitutional in 2003 (Lawrence v. Texas). Federal law forbids crossing state lines or international borders with the intent of having commercial sex with a person who is under 18, or any sex with a person who is under 16 and at least 4 years younger than the perpetrator (18 U.S.C. 2243, 18 U.S.C. 2423). In the US it is illegal to produce pornography featuring those under 18 and prosecutions have been commenced for cases where both partners are over the age of consent and under 18, where they were making material solely for their own consumption or that of their lawful partner. The constitutionality of these cases is uncertain.
-
- Military: 16, homosexual forbidden
- Note: Homosexual sex is rarely prosecuted throughout the United States, but laws forbidding it still exist in some states. The United States military is unaffected by any court decisions regarding homosexual sex, and they continue to prosecute and ban it.
See: Criminal law
External links
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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