Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Cycles.
Cycles
Cycles are repeating conditions in anything, usually after a regular or nearly regular period.
Cycles may be due to restorative forces causing repetition as in simple harmonic motion, regularity of motion such as daily, monthly, yearly and other astronomical cycles, or being affected by something else that has these qualities. The restorative forces apply equally to biological, economic and social forces as to physical systems.
Stonehenge is considered to be (amoung other things perhaps) an eclipse computer and is perhaps the earliest knowledge that we have of human interest in cycles. Other early cycles reports are found in vedic, buddhist and christian sacred books. Pythagoras study of music and Ptolemy's motion of the planets were early scientific studies of cycles. Early cycles studies were generally related to astronomical, astrological and weather and climatic cycles. Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Newton and Einstein contributed to ever refined understanding of the motion of the planets.
In modern times economic cycles were studied by Joseph Kitchen, Clement Juglar, Simon Kuznets and Nikolai Kondratieff, each of whom has an economic cycle named after them. There has been debate about the reality of some economic cycles.
Our understanding of weather cycles being attributable to annual and monthly astronomical motions was extended by Milankovitch who showed that ice ages were closely related to variations in the earth's orbital eccentricity, axial tilt and precession of the equinoxes which have periods of around 100,000 years, 40,000 years and 26,000 years respectively.
General cycles research pioneers were Chizhevsky in Russia and Raymond Wheeler in the USA. Ed Dewey who formed The Foundation for the Study of Cycles in 1942 stated that everything that had been studied had been found to have cycles present. This includes agronomy, astronomy, biology, civilisation, climate, cosmology, dendrochronology, economics, fashion, finance, geology, health, history, music, physics, religion, spirituality, sociology, war and weather. Dewey came up with the concepts of common cycle periods, cycle synchrony and harmonically related cycle periods.
Italian Piccardi discovered inexplicable fluctuations in the rate of chemical reactions and Japanese Takata found that a human blood test he devised varied with time and depended on the solar sunspot cycle. Later Simon Shnoll and other researchers at the Russian Academy of Sciences found that such cycles were simultaneously happening in single celled organisms growth and radioactive decay.
Through the middle part of the 20th century Abbott claimed to measure variations in the (rather poorly named) "solar constant" and links between the solar sunspot cycle and weather cycles on earth were vehemently denied by many scientists. With the coming of the artificial satellite age we have vastly better measures of both solar output and weather around the world and these cyclic links are now firmly established and accepted.
The Foundation for the Study of Cycles (now defunct) in the US and CIFA in Europe and Russia are organisations set up to study cycles and fluctuating phenomena. An internet discussion group on interdisciplinary cycles allows cycles researchers from different fields to exchange ideas and results.
In Megacycles edited by G Williams, the report of a geological conference, it is reported that geological cycles of ~600, ~300, ~150, 74 and 37 million years ahve been found. Using his very accurate Nanocycles method, S Afanasiev has determined the longest of these to be 586.2385 million years. Cycles of extinctions have been reported with a period of 26.65 million years and extinction series also show the 37 million year geological cycle period.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Mathematics of waves and cycles
2 Time and Calendar cycles
3 Astronomical cycles
4 Biological and medical cycles
5 Brain waves and cycles
6 Physics Cycles
7 Electromagnetic Spectrum
8 Sound waves
9 Music and rhythm cycles
10 Economic and business cycles
11 Agricultural cycles
12 Climate and Weather cycles
13 Geological cycles
14 Religious Myth and Spiritual cycles
15 Other cycles
Mathematics of waves and cycles
Amplitude modulation - Amplitude - Beat - Chaos theory - Diffraction - Doppler effect - Eigenstate - Eigenvalue - Frequency domain - Frequency spectrum - George Gabriel Stokes - Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) - Harmonic oscillator - Huygens' principle - Longitudinal wave - Mechanical wave - Partial differential equation - Permutation - Phase (waves) - Physics of music - Power spectrum - Signal - Sine-wave - Spectrum of an operator - Transverse wave - Wave equation - Wave - Waveform
Time and Calendar cycles
Atomic clock - Calendar - Chinese calendar - Computus - Deepavali - Ephemeris Time - Intellectual history of time - Julian date - Season
Astronomical cycles
Anders Jonas %C5ngstr%F6m - Astronomy - Aztec calendar - Eclipse cycle - Eclipse - Full moon cycle - Milankovitch cycles - Mira - Moon - Secularity - SETI
Biological and medical cycles
Alternation of generations - Bioelectricity - Biological clock - Biological pest control - Bipolar disorder - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Calvin cycle - Cell cycle - Chronobiology - Citric acid cycle - Circadian rhythm - Claude Levi-Strauss - Clinical depression - Ecology - Feedback - Life cycle - List of biochemistry topics - Manfred Eigen - Marine biology - Neurofeedback - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - Organic farming - Polymerase chain reaction - Soil degradation - Stomach cancer - Triage - Zygote
Brain waves and cycles
Alvin Lucier - Bioelectricity - Circadian rhythm - Consciousness - Neurofeedback - Persistent vegetative state - Sj%F6gren's syndrome - Sleep
Physics Cycles
Cyclic process - Double-slit experiment - Dynamic theory of gravity - George Gabriel Stokes - Physics of music - Sonoluminescence - Sunspot - Velocity of light
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Absorption spectroscopy - Anders Jonas %C5ngstr%F6m - Astronomy - Blackbody - Blazar - Bremsstrahlung - Caesium - Cherenkov radiation - Color - Colors - Diffraction - Digital signal processing - Direct-sequence spread spectrum - Dispersion (optics) - Eigenstate - Eigenvalue - Electromagnetic radiation - Electromagnetic spectroscopy - Electromagnetic spectrum - Electromagnetism - Emission line - Emission spectrum - FM broadcast radio - Frequency domain - Frequency hopping - Frequency spectrum - Gamma ray burster - George Gabriel Stokes - George Westinghouse - Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) - History of radio - Hue - Isotope - Light - List of electronics topic - List of physics topics R-Z - NTSC - Optical brightener - Optical spectrum - Particle in a spherically symmetric potential - Piezoelectricity - Power spectrum - RADAR - Radio frequency - Radio - Radiocommunications Agency - Redshift - School Science Experiment - Demonstrating the properties of waves on an Oscilloscope - SETI - Spectrogram - Spectrometer - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analyser - Spectrum - Stellar spectroscopy - Sunyaev Zeldovic Effect - Supernova - Telecommunication - Timbre - Very high frequency - Visible light - White noise
Sound waves
Acoustic theory - Acoustics - Aerodynamics - Alvin Lucier - Amplitude - Anemometer - Beat - Bottlenose Dolphin - Bugging - Charles Cros - Cherenkov radiation - Cold fusion - Compressibility - Dayton Miller - Delay line memory - Diffraction - Doppler effect - Ear - Earpiece - Echo sounding - Electronic filter - FTIR - George Gabriel Stokes - Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders - Johann Philipp Reis - Krakatau - Lee De Forest - Loudspeaker - Mach number - Microphone - Music theory - Ossicles - Pan pipes - Parabolic microphone - Phonetics - Phonons - Physics of music - Piezoelectricity - Prostate cancer - Psychoacoustics - Radio - Radiologist - Reginald Fessenden - Sawtooth wave - School physics experiments and demonstrations - Shock wave - SID - Sonar - Sonic boom - Sonoluminescence - Sound proofing - Sound recording - Sound - Speech signal processin - Speed of sound - Sperm Whale - Square wave - Subsonic - Subtractive synthesis - Synthesizer - Telecommunication - Telephone - Thomas A. Edison - Transmission line - Triangle wave - Wave drag - Waveform - Yamaha YM3812
Music and rhythm cycles
Antonin Dvorak - Daniel Barenboim - Dmitri Shostakovich - Free jazz - Fugue (music) - Gustav Mahler - Jean Sibelius - Music theory - Physics of music - Rhythm - Robert Schumann
Economic and business cycles
Austrian School - Business cycle - Calvin Coolidge - Economy of Cape Verde - Economy of the United Kingdom - History of Seattle - History of the United States (1865-1918) - Joseph Schumpeter - Marxism - Marxist school of economics - Monetary policy of central banks - New classical economics - New Economy - Northern Ontario - Organization - Ragnar Frisch - Recession - Rise of the New Imperialism - Secularity - The Euro - Timeline of meteorology - United Kingdom - Virtuous circle and vicious circle
Agricultural cycles
Belgian Congo - Climate change - Consciousness - Crop rotation - Education in the People's Republic of China - Environmental engineering - Fertile Crescent - Global warming and agriculture - Organic farming - Soil degradation - Sustainable industries
Climate and Weather cycles
Avalanche - Climate change - Climate model - Clock of the Long Now - Ecology - Endometrium - Environmental geography - Global cooling - Global warming and agriculture - Global warming - Historical temperature record - Ice age - Mars Polar Lander - Migration (human) - Milankovitch cycles - Milutin Milankovic - Monsoon - Sunspot - Timeline of meteorology - Pleistocene
Geological cycles
Age of the Earth - Climate change - Megacycles - Milutin Milankovic - Nanocycles method - Philip Henry Gosse
Religious Myth and Spiritual cycles
Atharvaveda - Creation beliefs - Creationism (theology) - Dependent origination - Eschatology - Harvey Spencer Lewis - India - Irish mythology - Mantra - Maya (illusion) - Mythology - Resurrection of Jesus Christ - Samhain - Surya - Vedanta
Other cycles
Astrology - Bipolar spectrum - Nanchang - Numerology - Puberty - Urban legend - Video game
The above article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
The Confusion (The Baroque Cycle, Vol. 2) by Neal Stephenson
Bull! : A History of the Boom, 1982-1999: What drove the Breakneck Market--and What Every Investor Needs to Know About Financial Cycles by Maggie Mahar
Illuminata : Thoughts, Prayers, Rites of Passage by Marianne Williamson
Quicksilver (The Baroque Cycle, Vol. 1) by Neal Stephenson
Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Intestinal Health Through Diet by Elaine Gloria Gottschall
The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander : From Preschool to High School--How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence by Barbara Coloroso
Financial Reckoning Day: Surviving the Soft Depression of the 21st Century by William Bonner
Origins of the Crash: The Great Bubble and Its Undoing by Roger Lowenstein
Transitions: Making Sense of Life's Changes by William Bridges
The System of the World : Volume Three of The Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson
Great Boom Ahead:Your Gde to Personal & Business Profit in the New Era of Prosperity by Harry S. Dent Jr.
The Knowledge Engine: How to Create Fast Cycles of Knowledge-to-Performance and Performance-to-Knowledge by Lloyd Baird
Fight Fat After Forty: The Revolutionary Three-Pronged Approach That Will Break Your Stress-Fat Cycle and Make You Healthy, Fit, and Trim for Life by Pamela Peeke
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles (2nd Edition) by Darwin Holmstrom
Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (Wiley Investment Classics) by Charles P. Kindleberger
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