Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Aircraft (including recent related patents.)
Aircraft
An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight.
An Airbus A340 of SriLankan Airlines. This is a wide-bodied long-haul aircraft, with 24 Business Class seats and 288 Economy Class seats.
A hot air balloon seen from nearly directly below. The burner flame is firing into the envelope.
Bell 206B Jet Ranger III helicopter.
Aircraft fall into two broad categories:
- Heavier than air aerodynes, including autogyros, helicopters and variants, and conventional fixed-wing aircraft: aeroplanes in Commonwealth English, airplanes in North American English. Fixed-wing aircraft generally use an internal-combustion engine and propeller or jet engine to provide thrust, which moves the craft forward through the air. The movement of air over the wings produces lift, which allows the aircraft to fly. Exceptions are gliders which have no engines and gain their thrust from gravity. That is, in order to maintain their forward speed they must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Helicopters and autogyros use a spinning rotor (a rotary wing) to provide both lift and thrust. The abbreviation VTOL is applied to aircraft other than helicopters that can take off or land vertically. Similarly, STOL stands for Short Take Off and Landing.
- Lighter than air aerostats: balloons and airships. Aerostats float in air in the same way that a ship floats in water, by displacing the air around the craft with a lighter gas (helium or hydrogen), or hot air. The distinction between a balloon and an airship is that an airship has some means of controlling forward motion and steering while balloons simply drift with the wind.
See also: List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms
There are several ways to classify aircraft.
Below, we describe classifications by design, propulsion and usage.
Also see this list of articles on particular aircraft types, and this list of aircraft.
Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")
1 Types of aircraft
1.1 By design
1.2 By propulsion
1.3 By usage
2 Related topics
3 External Links - Aircraft
Types of aircraft
By design
A first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft.
Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and airships (sometimes called dirigible balloons), such as blimps (which have a non-rigid construction) and rigid airships, which have a rigid frame.
The best-known type of rigid airship is the Zeppelin.
In heavier-than-air aircraft, we can discern two major ways to produce the lift: aerodynamic lift and engine lift.
In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air because of aerodynamics, usually by means of wings of some kind.
With engine lift, the aircraft defeats gravity by sheer engine power.
Examples of engine lift aircraft are rockets, and so-called VTOL planes, such as the Hawker Harrier.
Among aerodynamically lifted aircraft, the largest number falls in the category of fixed-wing aircraft, where horizontal surfaces produce lift, by profiting from the Coanda effect (aeroplane or airplane).
In a "conventional" configuration, the lift surfaces are placed in front of a control surface or tailplane. The number of lift surfaces varied greatly in the pre-1950 period, as biplanes (two wings) and triplanes (three wings) were numerous in the early days of aviation. Subsequently most planes are monoplanes.
The reverse configuration is the canard type, where small horizontal control surfaces are placed forward of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft.
Other possibilities include the delta-wing, where lift and horizontal control surfaces are combined, and the flying wing, where there is no separate vertical control surface (e.g. the B-2).
A variable geometry ('swing-wing') has also been employed in a few examples of combat aircraft (the F-111, Panavia Tornado, and B-1 Lancer, among others).
The lifting body configuration where the body itself produce lift has been tested. So far the only significant practical application of the lifting body was in the Space Shuttle.
A second large category of aerodynamically lifted aircraft are the rotary-wing aircraft. Here, the lift is provided by rotating rotors. The best-known examples of this category are the helicopter, the earlier autogyro, and the tiltrotor aircraft (such as the V-22 Osprey).
A further category might encompass the wing-in-ground-effect types, for example the Russian ekranoplan, also nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster" and hovercraft, most of the latter employing a skirt and achieving limited ground or water clearance to reduce friction and achieve speeds above those achieved by boats of similar weight.
And finally, the flapping-wing ornithopter is a category of its own. These designs may have considerable potential but are not yet practical.
By propulsion
Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or glider, do not have any propulsion. Balloons drift with the wind.
For gliders, takeoff takes place from a high location, or the aircraft is pulled into the air by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or towed aloft by a powered "tug" aircraft.
Most early aircraft used a piston-engine with propeller as propulsion.
Although the configuration of the engine can vary (rotary, radial, inline), they all work according to the same principles.
Just prior to World War II, the first jet engines emerged.
Different types exist, such as the ramjet, pulse jet, turbojet, and the turboprop, the latter of which still uses a propeller.
By usage
Three major uses for aircraft may be seen: recreational, military, and commercial.
For recreation, almost any type of aircraft can be used, although they are usually small ones.
Gliders and balloons are used almost exclusively for recreational purposes although they have been used in times of war in the past.
For instance, balloons were used for observation in the American Civil War and World War I.
Gliders were used to deliver troops into occupied territory during World War II.
The first widespread use of military aircraft was for reconnaissance and surveillance in World War I.
Soon they were adapted for attacking the ground or enemy vehicles/ships/guns/aircraft as well, and the first bombers were born.
In order to prevent the enemy from bombing, fighter aircraft were developed to intercept and shoot down enemy aircraft.
Eventually, two-seat trainers were developed for the purpose of instructing new pilots.
The use of transport aircraft enabled the rapid movement of supplies, ammunition, cargo, troops and also casualty evacuation; transport aircraft were also used to drop paratroopers.
Tankers are used to refuel planes in mid-air, thus increasing their operational range.
Commercial aviation can be divided in passenger transport and cargo transport.
For the former, large planes have been developed that can transport up to 500 passengers over large distances.
Commercial cargo aircraft are often similar to military transport aircraft, or might be adapted from the passenger fleets of an earlier era.
Other uses include search-and-rescue operations (especially by helicopters), border protection and water-bombing (fire-fighting).
Further divisions can be drawn between aircraft designs having a conventional (wheeled) undercarriage, and amphibious floatplanes or flying boats.
Related topics
External Links - Aircraft
List of Aircraft - Aircraft Manufacturers - Aircraft Engines - Aircraft Engine Manufacturers
Airlines - Air Forces - Aircraft Weapons - Years in Aviation
A separate article is about the movie Airplane!.
This article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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Standard Aircraft Handbook for Mechanics and Technicians by Larry Reithmaier
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The Student Pilot's Flight Manual: From First Flight to Private Certificate (Student Pilot's Flight Manual, 9th Ed) by William K. Kershner
The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 2003/2004 by Gerard Frawley
Jet Engines: Fundamentals of Theory, Design and Operation by Klaus Hunecke
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Hypersonic: The Story of the North American X-15 by Dennis R. Jenkins
Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering by Robert L. Shaw
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Recent Aircraft related patents
From USPTO:
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