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Carol Gilligan
Carol Gilligan is an American feminist ethicist best known for her work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics.
Her fame rests primarily on In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women?s Development (1982) in which she criticized Kohlberg's research on the moral development of children, which at the time showed that girls on average reached a lower level of moral development than boys did. She claimed that the results of Kohlberg were biased because the participants in the basic study were largely male, and that the scoring method subsequently used tended to favor a principled way of reasoning that was more common to boys, over a moral argumentation concentrating on relations, which would be more amenable to girls.
Her work formed the basis for what has become known as the ethics of care, a theory of ethics that contrasts ethics of care to so-called ethics of justice.
She has been criticized for the soundness of her psychological studies. However, Kohlberg did see reason to revise his scoring methods as a result of Gilligan's critique, after which boys and girls scored evenly.
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In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development by Carol Gilligan
Mystics, Mavericks, and Merrymakers: An Intimate Journey Among Hasidic Girls by Stephanie Wellen Levine
The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan
Meeting at the Crossroads by Carol Gilligan
Women, Girls, and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance by Carol Gilligan
Moral Voices, Moral Selves: Carol Gilligan and Feminist Moral Theory by Susan J. Hekman
The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan
Between Voice and Silence: Women and Girls, Race and Relationship by Jill McLean Taylor
Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School by Carol Gilligan
Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education by Carol Gilligan
Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School by Carol Gilligan
In a Different Voice by Carol Gilliagan
Woman: A Celebration to Benefit the MS Foundation for Women by Carol Gilligan
Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development by Carol Gilligan
The Birth of Pleasure by Knopf
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