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Language (including recent related patents.)
LanguageLanguage is a system of gestures, grammar, signs, sounds, symbols, and words which are used to represent and communicate concepts, ideas, meanings, and thoughts; language is a "semantic code". The study of language is linguistics, an academic discipline founded by Ferdinand de Saussure. Those who speak a language are part of that language's linguistic community. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Human languages 1.1 Linguistics 1.2 Language taxonomy 1.3 Constructed languages 2 Animal Language 3 Formal languages 4 Information about language on wikipedia 5 See also 6 External links Human languages Making a principled distinction between one human language and another is often not possible. One major issue is the dialect continuum phenomena, where the boundaries between named language groups are necessarily arbitrary. For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with other dialects of (what we call) German. Note that there are parallels to biology, where it is not always possible to make a principled distinction between one species and the next. In either case (at least given the standard view on the evolution of the species), the ultimate difficulty stems from both languages and species descending from one another, with modification. (See dialect or August Schleicher for a longer discussion.) The concepts of Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache, and Dachsprache are used to make finer distinctions about the degree of difference between languages or dialects. Linguistics Main article: Linguistics Linguistics examines different theoretical perspectives on human language in detail. Language taxonomy Main article: Language families and languages The world languages can be grouped into families, of languages which have close interconnections. Major groups are the Indo-European languages, the Afro-Asiatic languages and the Sino-Tibetan languages Constructed languages Main article: Constructed language One of the most prominent artificial languages called Esperanto was created by L. L. Zamenhof. It is a compilation of various elements of different languages with the goal of being an easy to learn language. Some linguists, such as J.R.R. Tolkien, have created fantasy languages, often for literary purposes. One of his languages is called Quenya, which is a form of Elvish. It includes its own alphabet and pronunciations in addition to being able to be spoken by humans. Animal Language Main article: Animal Language While the term "Animal Languages" is widely used, most researchers agree that they are not as complex or expressive as the human language. They argue that there are significant differences separating human language from animal communication even at its most complex, and that the underlying principles are not related. Other researchers argue that an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods these animals use and human language. Everybody agrees that human language is more complex than communication between animals. For more on communication among non-human animals, see The Animal Communication Project. Formal languages Main article: Formal languages Mathematics and computer science use artificial entities called formal languages (including programming languages), which may or may not count as "true" languages. Formal languages are simply sets of valid strings, generally produced by a relatively simple formal grammar. Information about language on wikipedia
This article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation by Lynne Truss The Elements of Style, Fourth Edition by William Strunk Jr. The Five Love Languages: How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate by Gary Chapman Give Me a Break : How I Exposed Hucksters, Cheats, and Scam Artists and Became the Scourge of the Liberal Media... by John Stossel Easy Spanish Phrase Book: Over 770 Basic Phrases for Everyday Use by Dover The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition by University of Chicago Press Staff 1001 Most Useful Spanish Words by Seymour Resnick 2004 Writer's Market (Writer's Market, 2004) by Kathryn S. Brogan Caro's Book of Poker Tells by Mike Caro Concise Oxford English Dictionary (Thumb Index Edition) by Oxford University Press Design Patterns by Erich Gamma 501 Spanish Verbs by Ph.D Christopher Kendris Let's Play/Vamos a Jugar : Chubby Board Books in English and Spanish by Alan Benjamin MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th Ed) by Joseph Gibaldi Merriam-Webster's Spanish-English Dictionary by Merriam-Webster Recent Language related patents From USPTO: 6718549: Methods for managing the distribution of client bits to client computers 6718542: Disambiguating memory references based upon user-specified programming constraints 6718540: Data processing system and method for storing data in a communication network 6718539: Interrupt handling mechanism in translator from one instruction set to another 6718538: Method and apparatus for hybrid checkpointing 6718537: Method and system to stress interactions in a test machine 6718535: System, method and article of manufacture for an activity framework design in an e-commerce based environment 6718533: Method for building a real-time control system with mode and logical rate 6718527: Automated design rule violation correction when adding dummy geometries to a design layout 6718523: Reduced pessimism clock gating tests for a timing analysis tool 6718522: Electrical rules checker system and method using tri-state logic for electrical rule checks 6718521: Method and system for measuring and reporting test coverage of logic designs 6718520: Method and apparatus for selectively providing hierarchy to a circuit design 6718519: System and method for outputting character sets in best available fonts 6718516: Method for verifying context between multiple related XML tags in document object model (DOM) 6718515: Method of populating a dynamic HTML table from a set of data objects through a common interface 6718504: Method and apparatus for implementing a data processor adapted for turbo decoding 6718501: Copy protected digital audio compact disc and method and system for producing same 6718489: Electronic service request generator for automatic fault management system 6718486: Fault monitor for restarting failed instances of the fault monitor 6718485: Software emulating hardware for analyzing memory references of a computer program 6718469: System and method for executing computer virus definitions containing general purpose programming language extensions 6718457: Multiple-thread processor for threaded software applications 6718446: Storage media with benchmark representative of data originally stored thereon 6718438: Using feedback to determine the size of an object cache 6718426: Cache memory apparatus and central processor, hand-held device and arithmetic processor using the same 6718425: Handheld computer based system for collection, display and analysis of engine/vehicle data 6718419: System and method for extending the number of addressable physical devices on a data bus 6718414: Function modification in a write-protected operating system 6718411: Asic system architecture including data aggregation technique 6718408: Interchangeable and configurable input/output module for a computing deviceco 6718401: System and method for device support 6718399: Communications on a network 6718397: Network adapter for providing initialization and protocol translation between a microprocessor and a network interface 6718390: Selectively forced redirection of network traffic 6718389: System and method for executing a request from a client application 6718388: Secured session sequencing proxy system and method therefor 6718384: System and method for monitoring and maintaining a communication network 6718382: Technique for detecting leaky points within a network protocol domain 6718380: Method and apparatus for storing policies for policy-based management of network quality of service 6718378: Device management information processing apparatus method and storage medium 6718377: Telecommunications network management system interface 6718376: Managing recovery of service components and notification of service errors and failures 6718373: Method and system for installing files in a computing system 6718372: Methods and apparatus for providing access by a first computing system to data stored in a shared storage device managed by a second computing system 6718371: XML-based integrated services framework 6718370: Completion queue management mechanism and method for checking on multiple completion queues and processing completion events 6718368: System and method for content-sensitive automatic reply message generation for text-based asynchronous communications 6718367: Filter for modeling system and method for handling and routing of text-based asynchronous communications |