refined Memory Information, explanation, recent texts, monographs, and related patents.
Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on Memory (including recent related patents.)


Memory

For computer memory, see computer storage. Memory is one of the activities of the human mind, much studied by cognitive psychology. It is the capacity to retain an impression of past experiences. There are multiple types of classifications for memory based on duration, nature and retrieval of perceived items. The main stages in the formation and retrieval of memory, from an information processing perspective, are:
  • Encoding (processing of received information by acquisition)
  • Storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation)
  • Retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task)
A basic and generally accepted classification (depending on the duration of memory retention and the amount of stored information during these stages) identifies three distinct types of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. The first stage corresponds approximately to the initial moment that an item is perceived. Some of this information in the sensory area proceeds to the sensory store, which is referred to as short-term memory. Sensory memory is characterized by the duration of memory retention from miliseconds to seconds and short-term memory from seconds to minutes. Once the information is stored, it can be retrieved in a period of time, which ranges from days to years and this type of memory is called long-term memory. The sensory and short-term memory are bio-electrical types of memory, as they store information in form of electrical signals, whereas the long-term memory is a bio-chemical type of memory. When we are given a seven digit number, we can remember it only for a few seconds and then forget (short term memory). On the other hand we remember our telephone numbers, since we have stored it in our brain after long periods of consolidation (long term memory). The definition of working memory, which is erroneously used as a synonym of short-term memory, is based on not only the duration of memory retention but also the way how it is used in daily life activities. For instance, when we are asked to multiply 45 with 4 in our head, we have to perform a series of simple calculations (addition and multiplications) to give the final answer. The process of keeping in mind all this information for a short period of time is called working memory. Another good example is a chess player, who is playing with multiple opponents at the same time and trying to remember the positions of pieces in all games and using this information to make a good move, when required. Long-term memory can further be classified as declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit). Explicit memory requires conscious recall, in other words the information must be called back consciously when it is required. If this information is context about the acquiring of a memory (the tone of the teacher, the placement on the page etc.), it is called episodic memory. If it is knowledge independent of context (capital of France, presidents of US etc.), then it is called semantic memory. Implicit memory is not based on the conscious recall of information stored in our brain, but on the habituation or sensitization of learned facts. We perform better in a given task each time we repeat the task, that is we use our implicit memory without necessarily remembering the previous experiences but using the previously learned behaviours unconsciously. For example, classical conditioning is one kind of implicit memory. Another example is memory resulting from motor learning, which depends upon the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Memory disorders Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying memory disorders, which are known collectively as amnesia. There are many sorts of amnesia: by studying their different forms, it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain's memory systems, and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain. The physiology of memory Some brain areas are particularly clearly seen to be involved in memory. These include the mammillary bodies and hippocampus. Related topics
This article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

The 36-Hour Day : A Family Guide to Caring for Persons With Alzheimer Disease, Related Dementing Illnesses, and Memory Loss in Later Life by Nancy L. Mace

The Pocket Food and Exercise Diary by Allan Borushek

The Purpose-Driven Life Deluxe Journal by Rick Warren

DietMinder Personal Food & Fitness Journal (A Food and Exercise Diary) by F. Wilkins

The Memory Jogger II by Michael Brassard

The Memory Book : The Classic Guide to Improving Your Memory at Work, at School, and at Play by Harry Lorayne

Memories, Dreams, Reflections by Aniela Jaffe

BodyMinder Workout and Exercise Journal (A Fitness Diary) by F. E. Wilkins

Vocabulary Cartoons II: Building an Educated Vocabulary With Sight and Sound Memory AIDS by Sam Burchers

Wait Journal by Marianne Richmond

The Memory Bible: An Innovative Strategy for Keeping Your Brain Young by Gary Small

The Memory Cure : How to Protect Your Brain Against Memory Loss and Alzheimer's Disease by Majid Fotuhi

Memories of the Great and the Good by Alistair Cooke

Apocalypse Memories (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) by Laura J. Burns

How to Organize Your Scrapbook Workspace: Storage Solutions for Any Budget by Memory Makers Books


Recent Memory related patents

From USPTO:
6718551: Method and system for providing targeted advertisements
6718550: Method and apparatus for improving the performance of object invocation
6718549: Methods for managing the distribution of client bits to client computers
6718548: Method for embedding an operating system and an application program into a memory apparatus
6718546: Application management
6718545: Apparatus for managing resources of a signal processor, a resource managing program transferring method and recording medium
6718544: User interface for making compiler tradeoffs
6718543: Method and apparatus for optimization of the performance of an application program in a computer system while preserving the system behavior
6718542: Disambiguating memory references based upon user-specified programming constraints
6718541: Register economy heuristic for a cycle driven multiple issue instruction scheduler
6718540: Data processing system and method for storing data in a communication network
6718539: Interrupt handling mechanism in translator from one instruction set to another
6718538: Method and apparatus for hybrid checkpointing
6718537: Method and system to stress interactions in a test machine
6718535: System, method and article of manufacture for an activity framework design in an e-commerce based environment
6718533: Method for building a real-time control system with mode and logical rate
6718532: Charged particle beam exposure system using aperture mask in semiconductor manufacture
6718531: Method of designing integrated circuit using hierarchical design technique
6718527: Automated design rule violation correction when adding dummy geometries to a design layout
6718526: Spatial signature analysis
6718525: Hybrid system of static analysis and dynamic simulation for circuit design
6718524: Method and apparatus for estimating state-dependent gate leakage in an integrated circuit
6718523: Reduced pessimism clock gating tests for a timing analysis tool
6718522: Electrical rules checker system and method using tri-state logic for electrical rule checks
6718521: Method and system for measuring and reporting test coverage of logic designs
6718520: Method and apparatus for selectively providing hierarchy to a circuit design
6718517: Methods of and computer readable media for automatically setting up page files for labels for compact disc media
6718516: Method for verifying context between multiple related XML tags in document object model (DOM)
6718515: Method of populating a dynamic HTML table from a set of data objects through a common interface
6718514: Parity checking device and method in data communication system
6718513: Fault monitoring system and fault reporting method
6718512: Dynamic parity inversion for I/O interconnects
6718511: Method and apparatus to detect a signal received from a channel signal
6718510: Data processing method and apparatus, recording medium, reproducing method and apparatus using the same method
6718508: High-performance error-correcting codes with skew mapping
6718506: High speed DVD error correction engine
6718505: Method and apparatus for error correction in a process of decoding cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon code (CIRC)
6718504: Method and apparatus for implementing a data processor adapted for turbo decoding
6718503: Reduced latency interleaver utilizing shortened first codeword
6718502: Precoders for partial response channels
6718501: Copy protected digital audio compact disc and method and system for producing same
6718499: Mace code
6718498: Method and apparatus for the real time manipulation of a test vector to access the microprocessor state machine information using the integrated debug trigger
6718496: Self-repairing semiconductor device having a testing unit for testing under various operating conditions
6718495: CGROM testing device
6718494: Method and apparatus for preventing and recovering from TLB corruption by soft error
6718493: Method and apparatus for selection of ARQ parameters and estimation of improved communications
6718490: Method and apparatus for controlling warning-information
6718489: Electronic service request generator for automatic fault management system

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