refined CERN Information, explanation, recent texts, monographs, and related patents.
Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on CERN (including recent related patents.)


CERN

CERN is the European Organization for Particle Physics Research, the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated on the border between France and Switzerland, just west of Geneva. The convention establishing it was signed on September 29, 1954. From the original 12 signatories of the CERN convention, membership has grown to the present 20 Member States. The acronym originally stood, in French, for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for setting up the laboratory, established by 11 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained [1] for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, and informally changed to Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Centre for Nuclear Research). CERN currently employs just under 3000 people full-time. Some 6500 scientists and engineers (representing 500 universities and 80 nationalities), about half of the world's particle physics community, work on experiments conducted at CERN. The CERN accelerator complex has six main accelerators:
  • Two linear accelerators generating low energy particles for injection into the Proton Synchroton. One is for protons and the other for heavy ions. These are known as Linac2 and Linac3 respectively.
  • The PS Booster, which increases the energy of particles generated by the linear accelerators before they are transferred to the other accelerators.
  • The 28 GeV Proton Synchroton (PS) built 1959.
  • The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a 2 km diameter circular accelerator built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1971. It originally had an energy of 300 GeV (but has been upgraded several times). As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments, it has been operated as a proton-antiproton collider, and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider.
  • Isotope Separator On-line (ISOLDE), which was used to study unstable nuclei and first commissioned in 1967. Particles are initially accelerated in the PS Booster before entering ISOLDE.
Construction of LHC at CERN It also has very impressive computer and wide-area networking facilities which are primarily used for experimental data analysis. Most of the activities at CERN are currently directed towards building a new collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it, due to start operation in 2007. This will use the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by LEP which was closed down in November 2000, and the PS/SPS complex to pre-accelerate protons which will be injected into it. Decommissioned accelerators include: As the SPS and the LEP tunnels cross the Franco-Swiss border, there are several experimental areas on the French side in addition to the main site which is in Switzerland for legal purposes (although since 1965 it actually occupies land on both sides of the border). There is also the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the speed of antiprotons (which are created travelling at nearly the speed of light) for research into antimatter. The World Wide Web began as a CERN project. On April 30th 1993 CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. The original CERN signatories were: Since then: Bringing the current number of member countries to 20. Footnote
  • [1] According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, and the acronym could have become the awkward OERN, Heisenberg said "But the acronym can still be CERN even if the name is ...
External links

This article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License


Recent CERN related patents

From USPTO:
6714294: De broglie microscope
6708327: System for accessing and testing evaluation modules via a global computer network
6704873: Secure gateway interconnection in an e-commerce based environment
6704784: Information processing apparatus and method, information processing system and program providing medium
6704277: Testing for digital signaling
6697824: Relationship management in an E-commerce application framework
6691113: Persistent data storage for client computer software programs
6690761: Methods and devices for analysis of X-ray images
6683611: Method and apparatus for preparing customized reading material
6678251: Link quality agent
6677968: User definable on-line co-user lists
6253248: Information processing apparatus and method
6253167: Client apparatus, image display controlling method, shared virtual space providing apparatus and method, and program providing medium
6248927: Stabilized cyclobutanone compositions
6233626: System for a modular terminal input/output interface for communicating messaging application layer over encoded ethernet to transport layer
6231834: Methods for ultrasound imaging involving the use of a contrast agent and multiple images and processing of same
6230202: Method for performing transactions on the world-wide web computer network
6219707: System and method for achieving network separation
6212253: Apparatus and method for X-ray absorption spectroscopy
6209048: Peripheral with integrated HTTP server for remote access using URL's
6202201: Text object compilation method and system
6198798: Planispherical parallax-free X-ray imager based on the gas electron multiplier
6189019: Computer system and computer-implemented process for presenting document connectivity
6185203: Fibre channel switching fabric
6178505: Secure delivery of information in a network
6178461: Cache-based compaction technique for internet browsing using similar objects in client cache as reference objects
6167522: Method and apparatus for providing security for servers executing application programs received via a network
6167409: Computer system and method for customizing context information sent with document fragments across a computer network
6160263: Container for transporting antiprotons
6158043: Signal processing apparatus and method
6155966: Apparatus and method for toning tissue with a focused, coherent electromagnetic field
6154211: Three-dimensional, virtual reality space display processing apparatus, a three dimensional virtual reality space display processing method, and an information providing medium
6151697: Signal processing apparatus and method
6148343: Server for either anonymous or pre-authorized users to order goods or services on the world-wide web computer network
6146657: Gas-filled lipid spheres for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications
6143276: Methods for delivering bioactive agents to regions of elevated temperatures
6139819: Targeted contrast agents for diagnostic and therapeutic use
6134592: Persistant client state in a hypertext transfer protocol based client-server system
6125361: Feature diffusion across hyperlinks
6123923: Optoacoustic contrast agents and methods for their use
6121808: DLL calibrated phase multiplexer and interpolator
6117414: Method of computed tomography using fluorinated gas-filled lipid microspheres as contract agents
6112279: Virtual web caching system
6105027: Techniques for eliminating redundant access checking by access filters
6104732: Integrated signal routing circuit
6104380: Direct pointing apparatus for digital displays
6101537: Universal electronic resource denotation, request and delivery system
6094082: DLL calibrated switched current delay interpolator
6093886: Vacuum-tight continuous cable feedthrough device

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