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Biology (including recent related patents.)
BiologyBiology is the science of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individuals come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with their environment. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview of biology 1.1 Fields of study in biology 1.2 Related disciplines 1.3 People and history 1.4 List of topics 2 Evolution and biology 3 Classification of life 4 History of the word "biology" 5 See also 6 External links and resources 6.1 Links 6.2 Further reading Overview of biology Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. Together, they study life over a wide range of scales:
Fields of study in biology Aerobiology -- Anatomy -- Arachnology-- Astrobiology -- Biochemistry -- Bionics -- Biogeography -- Bioinformatics -- Biomechanics -- Biophysics-- Biotechnology -- Botany -- Cell biology -- Chorology -- Cladistics -- Crustaceology -- Cryptozoology -- Cycles -- Cytology -- Developmental biology -- Disease (Genetic diseases, Infectious diseases) -- Ecology (Theoretical ecology, Symbiology, Autecology, Synecology) -- Ethology -- Entomology -- Evolutionary biology (Evolution) -- Evolutionary developmental biology -- Freshwater biology -- Genetics (Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Genomics, Proteomics) -- Herpetology -- Histology -- Human biology -- Ichthyology -- Immunology -- Infectious diseases -- Pathology -- Epidemiology -- Limnology -- Malacology -- Mammalogy -- Marine biology -- Microbiology (Bacteriology) -- Molecular biology -- Morphology -- Mycology / Lichenology --- Myrmecology --- Neuroscience (Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Systems neuroscience, Biological psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral science, Neuroethology, Psychophysics, Computational neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive science)-- Oncology (the study of cancer) -- Ontogeny -- Origin of life -- Ornithology -- Paleontology (Paleobotany, Paleozoology)-- Parasitology -- Phycology (Algology) -- Phylogeny (Phylogenetics, Phylogeography) -- Physiology -- Phytopathology -- Structural biology -- Taxonomy -- Toxicology (the study of poisons and pollution) -- Virology -- Xenobiology -- Zoology Related disciplines Medicine -- Physical anthropology People and history Famous biologists -- History of biology -- Nobel prize in physiology or medicine -- Timeline of biology and organic chemistry List of topics See: List of biology topics What are our priorities for writing in this area? To help develop a list of the most basic topics in biology, please see Wikipedia:biology basic topics.Evolution and biology One of the central, organizing concepts in biology is that all life has descended from a common origin through a process of evolution. Charles Darwin articulated the theoretical concept of evolution that remains central to this day, which he did by proposing natural selection as a mechanism. Genetic drift was embraced as an additional mechanism in the so-called modern synthesis. The evolutionary history of a species—which tells the characteristics of the various species from which it descended—together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is called its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology. Biologists organize and analyze evolutionary relationships through various methods, including phylogenetics, phenetics, and cladistics. Major events in the evolution of life, as biologists currently understand them, are summarized on this evolutionary timeline. Classification of life The classification of living things is called systematics, or taxonomy, and should reflect the evolutionary trees (phylogenetic trees) of the different organisms. Taxonomy piles up organisms in groups called taxa, while systematics seeks their relationships. The dominant system is called Linnaean taxonomy, which includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). A fourth Draft BioCode was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize naming in the three areas, but it does not appear to have yet been formally adopted. The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode. Traditionally, living things were divided into five kingdoms: Monera -- Protista -- Fungi -- Plantae -- Animalia However, this five-kingdom system is now considered by many to be outdated. More modern alternatives generally begin with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria) -- Bacteria (originally Eubacteria) -- Eukaryota These domains reflect whether cells have nuclei or not as well as differences in cell exteriors. There is also a series of intracellular "parasites" that are progressively less alive in terms of being metabolically active: Viruses -- Viroids -- Prions History of the word "biology" Formed by combining the Greek βίος (bios), meaning 'life', and λόγος (logos), meaning 'word', the word "biology" in its modern sense seems to have been introduced independently by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur, 1802) and by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Hydrogéologie, 1802). The word itself is sometimes said to have been coined in 1800 by Karl Friedrich Burdach, but it appears in the title of Volume 3 of Michael Christoph Hanov's Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae dogmaticae: Geologia, biologia, phytologia generalis et dendrologia, published in 1766. See also
This article is adapted from from Wikipedia All Wikipedia article text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Biology (Cliffs AP) by Phillip E. Pack The Anatomy Coloring Book (3rd Edition) by Wynn Kapit Lab 257 : The Disturbing Story of the Government's Secret Plum Island Germ Laboratory by Michael C. Carroll Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers by Mary Roach Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004-2005 Edition by Princeton Review The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins How to Prepare for the SAT II Biology E/M by Maurice Bleifeld Biology (6th Edition) by Neil A. Campbell Bioinformatics for Dummies by Jean-Michel Claverie From Conception to Birth : A Life Unfolds by Alexander Tsiaras Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts The Art of Changing the Brain: Enriching Teaching by Exploring the Biology of Learning by James E. Zull The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher by Lewis Thomas Sex, Time and Power: How Women's Sexuality Shaped Human Evolution by Leonard Shlain A Devil's Chaplain : Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love by Richard Dawkins Recent Biology related patents From USPTO: 6718232: Robot device and behavior control method for robot device 6718006: Fiber-optic encoding for dual transmission measurements in positron emission tomography 6717723: Scanning laser microscope 6717102: Laser tissue processing for cosmetic and bio-medical applications 6717040: Inbred maize line PH5W4 6717039: Inbred maize line PH5HK 6717038: Inbred maize line PH6WR 6717037: Inbred maize line PH581 6717036: Inbred maize line Ph0R8 6717035: Transgenic plants expressing photorhabdus toxin 6717034: Method for modifying plant biomass 6717033: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase gene and its uses 6717032: Transgenic mice containing DEZ orphan receptor gene disruptions 6717031: Method for selecting a transgenic mouse model of alzheimer's disease 6717030: Protein kinase C epsilon as modulator of anxiety, alcohol consumption and self-administration of drugs of abuse 6717012: Antioxidant nitroxides and nitrones as therapeutic agents 6716994: Mobility-Modifying Cyanine Dyes 6716988: Urea substituted imidazopyridines 6716975: Antisense modulation of EDG1 expression 6716974: Therapeutic and diagnostic methods and compositions based on jagged/notch proteins and nucleic acids 6716972: Method for breeding and genotyping chickens and probes therefor 6716971: Pteridine nucleotide analogs 6716969: Reactive dye compounds 6716968: Apoptosis-related compounds and their use 6716967: Rupestris stem pitting associated virus nucleic acids, proteins, and their uses 6716966: Therapeutic binding agents against MUC-1 antigen and methods for their use 6716965: Adipocyte complement related protein zacrp13 6716964: CtIP, a novel protein that interacts with CtBP and uses therefor 6716963: Peptide antiangiogenic drugs 6716961: Chiral peptide nucleic acids with a N-aminoethyl-d-proline backbone 6716960: Mch3, a novel apoptotic protease, nucleic acids encoding and methods of use 6716883: Composition useful to treat periodontal disease 6716882: Highly packed polycationic ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium lipids 6716870: Prodrugs of 3-(pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)-2-indolinone derivatives 6716859: Substituted N'-(Arylcarbonyl)-benzhydrazides, N'(Arylcarbonyl)-benzylidene-hydrazides and analogs as activators of caspases and inducers of apoptosis and the use thereof 6716851: Substituted 2-aryl-4-arylaminopyrimidines and analogs as activators or caspases and inducers of apoptosis and the use thereof 6716847: Substituted anilino-quinoline compounds and use thereof 6716831: 2,4-diamino-pyrimidine deprivatives having anti-cell proliferative activity 6716829: Aldosterone antagonist and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor combination therapy to prevent or treat inflammation-related cardiovascular disorders 6716828: Compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cellular damage, such as neural or cardiovascular tissue damage 6716824: Treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by cytotoxic gene therapy 6716823: Noninvasive genetic immunization, expression products therefrom, and uses thereof 6716818: Caspase inhibitors and the use thereof 6716817: Method of treatment of female infertility 6716816: Multimeric Apo A-I agonist compounds 6716813: Use of antimicrobial proteins and peptides for the treatment of otitis media and paranasal sinusitis 6716810: Composition and method for regulation of body weight and associated conditions 6716809: Mage-A3 peptides presented by HLA class molecules 6716642: Individually addressable micro-electromagnetic unit array chips in horizontal configurations |